Bimanual examination
The ovarian tumor mass can be felt like a separate entity from the uterus body, and a separating groove is felt between them. On moving the tumor mass, neither uterus nor the cervix moves while the lower border of the tumor can be felt through the fornix. In a bimanual examination of malignant tumors, it is difficult to separate tumor mass from the uterus.
Tumor markers for ovarian epithelial tumors are called CA125. They are not specific as it also raises in endometrial cancer, endometriosis, breast cancer, and other gastrointestinal tract malignancies. Other tumor markers include the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), OCA, the human milk factor globulin (HMFG1), and H17E2. The diagnosis is done by radiological modalities, cytological studies, and tumor markers.
The treatment is done according to the stage of malignancy, symptomatology, age of the patient, parity of patient, and sensitivity of different tumors to specific therapies. The treatment may be surgical, chemotherapeutic, or radiological. Surgeries include oophorectomies, either bilateral or unilateral, laparoscopic, or open surgery. Hormonal therapy is also required in some cases since many ovarian tumors, especially stromal tumors, can produce different hormones.